如何提升托福综合写作能力

仙子之梦

　　综合写作篇：

　　在综合写作方面，北京新东方老师提醒大家，同学们应该尽量的不去丢分，实际上对于同学们来说，综合写作并不考察我们的写作技巧or我们对于观点是否能够展开的能力，主要考察的我们对于阅读和听力信息整合的能力。那么同学们在备考过程中，需要做的事情就是尽可能提升阅读以及听力理解的能力，这时候同学们开心的事情是，我们在备考托福阅读以及托福听力的过程中就已经帮我们完成了托福综合写作部分能力的提升。

　　综合写作考察步骤以及注意事项：

　　输入过程：

　　1.输入阅读部分

　　提升快速阅读能力，

　　首先文章主干（文章观点＋论点），其次理解阅读细节部分，

　　阅读技巧：开头段快速看背景，有利于理解文章观点，中间段看论点后细节部分，帮助更好理解文章论点

　　2.听力能力（重点）

　　捕捉听力文章主干（容易），重点捕捉听力反驳细节（难度），尽可能听到每一句反驳细节（更大难度）

　　3.输出文章

　　描述阅读和听力对应关系，重点描述听力内容，熟悉模版。描述过程中总结精炼阅读内容。

　　例 Reading

　　Private collectors have been selling andbuying fossils， the petrified remains of ancientorganisms， ever since the eighteenth century. In recentyears， however， the sale offossils， particularly of dinosaurs and other largevertebrates， has grown into a big business. Rare andimportant fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions ofdollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the generalpublic.

　　The public suffers because fossils that wouldotherwise be donated to museums where everyone can see them are sold to privatecollectors who do not allow the public to view their collections. Making itharder for the public to see fossils can lead to a decline in public interestin fossils， which would be a pity.

　　More importantly，scientists are likely to lose access to some of the most important fossils andthereby miss out on potentially crucial discoveries about extinct life forms.Wealthy fossil buyers with a desire to own the rarest and most important fossilscan spend virtually limitless amounts of money to acquire them. Scientists andthe museums and universities they work for often cannot compete successfullyfor fossils against millionaire fossil buyers.

　　Moreover， commercialfossil collectors often destroy valuable scientific evidence associated withthe fossils they unearth. Most commercial fossil collectors are untrained oruninterested in carrying out the careful field work and documentation thatreveal the most about animal life in the past. For example， scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurscalled oviraptors by carefully observing the exact position of oviraptorfossils in the ground and the presence of other fossils in the immediatesurroundings. Commercial fossil collectors typically pay no attention to howfossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may surround biggerones.    Listening Part

　　of course there are some negativeconsequences of selling fossils in the commercial market， but they have been greatly exaggerated. The benefits of commercialfossil trade greatly outweigh the disadvantages.

　　first of all， thepublic is likely to have greater exposure to fossils as a result of commercialfossil trade， not less exposure. Commercial fossilhunting makes a lot of fossils available for purchase，and as a result， even low-level public institutionslike public schools and libraries can now routinely buy interesting fossils anddisplay them for the public.

　　As for the idea that scientists will loseaccess to really important fossils， that's notrealistic either. Before anyone can put a value on a fossil， it needs to be scientifically identified，right？ Well， the only peoplewho can identify fossils， who can really tell what agiven fossil is or isn't， are scientists， by performing detailed examinations and tests on the fossilsthemselves. So even if a fossil is destined to go to a private collector， it has to pass through the hands of scientific experts first. Thisway， the scientific community is not going to miss outon anything important that's out there.

　　Finally， whateverdamage commercial fossil collectors sometimes do， if itweren't for them， many fossils would simply goundiscovered because there aren't many fossil collecting operations that arerun by universities and other scientific institutions. Isn't it better forscience to at least have more fossils being found even if we don't have all thescientific data we'd like to have about their location and surroundings than itis to have many fossils go completely undiscovered？

　　Listening Part：

　　快速阅读：快速抓主干（看红色字体部分），再补充细节，包括开头段背景部分以及中间段论点后面支撑细节部分的论证。

　　听力部分：抓主干，听力会一一对应阅读的观点以及论点进行逐一反驳，一般情况下会有对应的逻辑关联词对应，再听的过程中务必要集中注意力。

　　输出文章：

　　The lecturer rejects the ideas presented inthe reading passage about the problems involved in the booming business of commercialfossil trading. In her opinion， the benefits of thisnew development outweigh its negative consequences.

　　The lecturer does not agree with the firstpoint made in the reading-that private collectors keep their fossil collectionsaway from the public. She contends that the commercial trading of fossilsactually makes them available to a wider public，because everyone with a budget， such as private schoolsand libraries， can purchase them for study andexhibition.

　　The lecturer goes on to refute the claim inthe reading that fossil trading business prevents scientists and public museumfrom benefiting from fossil finds， as these partiescannot compete with wealthy private buyers to acquire important fossils forresearch purpose. On the contrary， she argues， scientists themselves are the first to evaluate any importantfossil before it can be sold in the commercial market at a price， so the academic community does not miss any opportunity to studyprivately traded fossils.

　　Additionally， thelecturer challenges the final downside of fossil trading mentioned in thereading. The lecturer reminds us that the damages， ifany， caused by private collectors in their fieldoperations are offset by the effort these individuals have made to increase thenumber of fossils available to the public that would otherwise remainundiscovered.

　　独立写作

　　1.审题：浏览题干，判断题型；根据题型，决定思路；根据观点，给出论点

　　2.文章结构：well-organized， well-developed， exemplification， details， explanation， example；

　　well- organized(文章整体结构＋ 段落内结构)； （指的是文章要有很好的结构组织性；针对这一点希望同学们在实际写作的过程中注意两点，第一点文章整体的结构性，具体表现为：需要开头段表明文章观点，中间段表明论点以及结尾段重述观点以及总结论点。第二点，段落内结构组织性：要求有论点以及对应的例子来进行支撑。

　　针对 well-developed 这一点， 魔君个人这么多年对于写作的理解，是认为： well-developed 这点针对well-organized这一点标准进行进一步的深化（论点支撑文章观点＋段落内论证部分需要围绕论点进行逐层展开）；

　　explanation（对于论点进行解释说明，体现出考生短时间内论证能力）

　　对于example来说， 理解起来就很简单了，就是字面意义上的例子的意思（同时也是一个中间段的核心部分，用来论证论点）

　　对于detail来说，从字面意义来理解也不难，指的是细节（例子的核心，它能够决定例子是否能够扣题以及例子是否具有很强的论证效果）

　　在这里，给大家举一个简单的例子：

　　我们可以看到，魔君给出的：

　　Topic sentence： MoJun is rich.

　　Explanation： It isbecause Mo Jun has assets that can be transferred into actual money.

　　Example and Detail：Mo Jun owns a private luxurious car of Benz and possesses more than 10apartments in Beijing as well as marries an adorable girl.

　　这里，提醒大家要记住：细节决定成败－拒绝写流水账。如果未来再有机会的话，希望同学们能够来到我的课堂，具体来看下例子到底如何展开，今天因为时间关系，我就不做多讲了。在后面讲解时候，会带大家来看看例子是怎么去构造的。

　　3.Unity： 统一性，要求文章整体结构：开头段＋中间段＋结尾段／另外中间段部分必须围绕观点展开／中间段中每个句子要围绕论点展开。

　　Progression：连续性，那么其一指的是：文章主体段中需要大量使用连接词（transitional words）or连接性的短句（transitional sentences）来串联，体现文章在论证过程中的层次性／其二指的是：文章主体段中需要体现出内在逻辑的递进性，具体表现为：论点有一定的抽象性，然后用例证的方法（exemplification）将抽象的论点用具体的例子具体化。

　　在这里，举个例子，大家看看哪一个更好：

　　论点1：食品广告是很误导人的。

　　论点2：肯德基的广告一般做的非常诱惑人，吸引青少年去买一些汉堡包和炸土豆条。

　　写出英文的话就是：

　　The food advertisement is misleading.

　　The advertisement of KFC will be designed tobe much more alluring， winning the youths' favor topurchase hamburgers and french fries.

　　这时候有的同学可能会觉得第二个更好，因为至少看起来字数会更多。但实际上确实第一种更好。你会发现当选择第二种论点的时候，接下来的段落展开只能够围绕着肯德基去展开了，你会发现对于肯德基你只知道有限的几种食品。而如果选择第一种的话，在具体进行论证的时候我们就会有很多种选择了，例如可以选择肯德基，麦当劳，汉堡王等等。而且这样的展开过程也能够体现出逻辑的层次性，由总到分。

　　Coherence：连贯性，正确使用代词：人称代词，指示代词，关系代词

　　Sample. Agree or disagree： it is often not good to move to a new city or a new country becauseyou will lose touch with old friends.

　　1.审题：浏览题干，判断题型－题干中含有因果关系，找因果的漏洞； 根据题型，决定思路－因：搬到新城市失去老朋友，原因不成立；果：搬到新城市不好， 结果不成立， 因此选择不同意的思路展开；论点设置：一个反驳原因，一个反驳结果

　　审完题后，快速卸除文章结构：开头段＋论点1+论点2+ 让步段＋结尾段

　　As the technology of public transportationkeeps advancing， more citizens can choose to dwell inthe cities that are beneficial to their own development. Inevitably， then occurs a controversy whether moving to a new city or countrywill lead to the rupture of relationship among friends. From my perspective， I think the statement is not sensible.

　　Firstly， moving to anew country or city will not result in the loss of old friends.

　　Moreover， instead oflosing old friends， city migrants can even enlargetheir social circles and achieve more success.

　　Admittedly， it can beunderstandable that friends can be estranged as a consequence of the longdistance.Specifically speaking， the chances to meetwith each other will be limited a lot. However， for onething， people can talk with each other through varioussocial network software. For another thing， thedistance between cities is not a problem anymore since there have been manypublic transportation tools like the high-speed trains and airplanes that willlead us to anyplace we try to go in a very short period.

　　In a word， moving toa new city or a new country is good choice under some circumstance. Besides， the highly developed technology can help to strengthen therelations with our friends and the possibilities of living a different life andachieving success can both explain why I stand by the statement that it is agood thing to move to a new city.

　　文章结构完成后，将论点展开成中间段，遵循步骤：论点＋解释＋例子（细节）＋结论

　　Firstly， moving to anew country or city will not result in the loss of old friends. To be morespecific， the maintenance of friendship doesn't lie inhow far they live with each other and the development of technology hasdiversified the ways of interacting with friends. The invention of cellphonesshatters the shackles caused by distance and overseas students can choose tocommunicate with their family members and friends through a variety of Appslike WeChat that makes video calls possible. Except for that， by looking at the pictures popping up all over the social medialike Facebook， people can easily capture what ishappening to their friends. For instance， my friendSelina took selfie in the Sydney Opera House a week ago and I would learn thatshe was having fun in the Australia with her picture posted on the Instagram.Therefore， a wide range of advanced electronic gadgetscan be used to sustain friendship.

　　Moreover， instead oflosing old friends， city migrants can even enlargetheir social circles and achieve more success. Restricted in a city for a longperiod， people may be trapped in a situation that wouldblock their development and they can gain refreshing experience whileimmigrating to a new city. A friend of Mine named Michael served as a MarketAnalyst in a renewed company in Beijing. However， hecouldn't see any progress in recent years and then an opportunity comes out.Because of his five-year working experience， a foreigntrade cooperation tried to recruit him as the Market Analyst because the firmwas planning to start a new program. Then he grasped the chance and earns achallenging life that he likes even though he was required to work in Shanghai.Our relationship has not experienced any interruption and his strong ability ofbeing adapted to the new environment helps him to make lots of new friends.Accordingly， moving to a new city can， occasionally， help to break the deadlock inour professions.